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Scannable Resumes Presentation
Tailoring Employment Documents For a Specific Audience
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Tips & Terms for the International Student's Job Search
Tone in Business Writing
Using Fonts with Purpose
Visual Rhetoric
Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
Visual Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents
Writing a Job Acceptance Letter
Writing a White Paper
Writing for a Chinese Business Audience
Writing for a North American Business Audience
Writing for an Indian Business Audience
Writing Report Abstracts
Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
Writing the Basic Business Letter
Writing the Curriculum Vitae
Writing the Personal Statement
General Academic Writing
Adding Emphasis in Writing
Annotated Bibliographies
Avoiding Plagiarism
Color Theory Presentation
Conciseness
Creating a Thesis Statement
Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation
Developing an Outline
Effective Persuasion Presentation
Email Etiquette for Professors
Email Etiquette for Students
Essay Writing
Establishing Arguments
Guidelines for Fair Use
Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)
Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Argument Papers
Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Exploratory Papers
Invention Presentation
Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism
Logic in Argumentative Writing
Organizing Your Argument Presentation
Paragraphs & Paragraphing
Paramedic Method: A Lesson in Writing Concisely
Peer Review Presentation
Prewriting (Invention)
Proofreading Your Writing
Punctuation
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
Reverse Paramedic Method
Sentence Variety
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Adjective or Adverb
Apostrophe
Appositives
Articles: A versus An
Capital Letters
Commas
Conquering the Comma
Count and Noncount Nouns
Dangling Modifiers
Grammar and ESL Exercises
Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)
How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs
How to Use Articles (a/an/the)
Hyphens
Independent and Dependent Clauses
Irregular Verbs
Numbers
Parallel Structure
Parts of Speech Overview
Prepositions
Pronouns
Punctuation
Quotation Marks
Relative Pronouns
Sentence Clarity
Sentence Clarity Presentation
Sentence Fragments
Sentence Punctuation Patterns
Spelling
Subject/Verb Agreement
Transitions and Transitional Devices
Verb Tenses
English as a Second Language (ESL)
Adjective or Adverb
Count and Noncount Nouns
ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
ESL Teacher Resources
Grammar and ESL Exercises
How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs
How to Use Articles (a/an/the)
Irregular Verbs
Numbers
Parts of Speech Overview
Prepositions
Relative Pronouns
Sentence Punctuation Patterns
Subject/Verb Agreement
Tips & Terms for the International Student's Job Search
Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)
US Higher Education: A Cultural Introduction
Verb Tenses
Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
Writing for a Chinese Business Audience
Writing for a North American Business Audience
Writing for an Indian Business Audience
Writing in North American Higher Education: A Primer for International Students
Internet Literacy
Documenting Electronic Sources
Email Etiquette
Email Etiquette for Professors
Email Etiquette for Students
Evaluating Sources of Information
Guidelines for Fair Use
Searching the World Wide Web
Teaching OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide for Professional Writing Instructors
Visual Rhetoric
Writing in the Social Sciences
Child Development and Family Studies Resource Repository
Conducting an Interview Presentation
Conducting Primary Research
Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style)
Sample APA Papers: Experimental Report
Sample APA Papers: Literature Review
Social Work Literature Review Guidelines
Writing in Psychology: Experimental Report Writing
Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
Writing with Statistics
Writing in Engineering
Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS)
Handbook on Report Formats
INDOT Workshop Resources for Engineers
Reverse Paramedic Method
Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
Writing Engineering Reports
Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
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Image in Poetry
Literary Terms
Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism
Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
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Tutoring Creative Writing Students
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Invention Presentation
Job Acceptance Letter Presentation
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Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
Teaching OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide for Professional Writing Instructors
The Rhetorical Situation
Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
Writing Across the Curriculum: An Introduction
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INDOT
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Writing a
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Scientific Abstracts Presentation
Writing the
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Adding
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Annotated
Bibliographies
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Color
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Designing
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Effective
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Email
Etiquette for Professors
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Essay
Writing
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Theory and Schools of Criticism
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Argumentative Writing
Organizing
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Paramedic Method
Sentence
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Starting
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The
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Transitions
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Using
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Using Fonts
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Visual
Rhetoric
Visual
Rhetoric Slide Presentation
Visual
Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents
Writer's
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Writing a
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Book Review
Writing a
Literary Analysis Presentation
Writing
Definitions
Writing in
Literature (Detailed Discussion)
Writing
Process Presentation
Research and Citation
Annotated
Bibliographies
APA
Formatting and Style Guide
APA
Overview and Workshop
Avoiding
Plagiarism
Chicago
Manual of Style
Conducting
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Documenting
Electronic Sources
Evaluating
Sources of Information
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Guidelines
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Formatting and Style Guide
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Paraphrase:
Write it in Your Own Words
Quoting,
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Research:
Overview
Resources
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Sample APA
Papers: Experimental Report
Sample APA
Papers: Literature Review
Searching
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Scientific Abstracts Presentation
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Active and
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Adjective
or Adverb
href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/621/01/">Apostrophe
href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/596/01/">Appositives
Articles: A
versus An
Capital
Letters
Commas
Conquering
the Comma
Count and
Noncount Nouns
Dangling
Modifiers
Grammar and
ESL Exercises
Higher
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How to Use
Adjectives and Adverbs
How to Use
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Hyphens
Independent
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Irregular
Verbs
Numbers
Parallel
Structure
Parts of
Speech Overview
href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/594/01/">Prepositions
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Quotation
Marks
Relative
Pronouns
Sentence
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Sentence
Clarity Presentation
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Transitions
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Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
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How to Use
Articles (a/an/the)
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href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/594/01/">Prepositions
Relative
Pronouns
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Punctuation Patterns
href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/599/01/">Subject/Verb
Agreement
Tips &
Terms for the International Student's Job Search
Two-Part
(Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)
US Higher
Education: A Cultural Introduction
Verb
Tenses
Verbals:
Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
Writing for
a Chinese Business Audience
Writing for
a North American Business Audience
Writing for
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Writing in
North American Higher Education: A Primer for International
Students
Internet Literacy
Documenting
Electronic Sources
Email
Etiquette
Email
Etiquette for Professors
Email
Etiquette for Students
Evaluating
Sources of Information
Guidelines
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Searching
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Teaching
OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide
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Visual
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Writing in the Social Sciences
Child
Development and Family Studies Resource Repository
Conducting
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Literature Review Guidelines
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Relative Pronouns
This resource was written by Julia Teleneva.Last full revision by .Last edited by Allen Brizee on September 15th 2008 at 12:19PM
Summary: This handout provides detailed rules and examples for the usage of relative pronouns (that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why).
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Introduction and General Usage in Defining Clauses
Relative pronouns are that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why. They are used to join clauses to make a complex sentence. Relative pronouns are used at the beginning of the subordinate clause which gives some specific information about the main clause.
This is the house that Jack built.
I don't know the day when Jane marries him.
The professor, whom I respect, was tenured.
In English, the choice of the relative pronoun depends on the type of clause it is used in. There are two types of clauses distinguished: defining (restrictive) relative clauses and non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clauses. In both types of clauses the relative pronoun can function as a subject, an object, or a possessive.
Relative pronouns in defining clauses
Defining relative clauses (also known as restrictive relative clauses) provide some essential information that explains the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence correctly and cannot be omitted. Defining clauses are opened by a relative pronoun and ARE NOT separated by a comma from the main clause.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in defining clauses:
Function in the sentence
Reference to
People
Things / concepts
Place
Time
Reason
Subject
who, that
which, that
Object
(that, who, whom)*
(which, that)*
where
when
why
Possessive
whose
whose, of which
Examples
Relative pronoun used as a subject:
This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.
It took me a while to get used to people who eat pop-corn during the movie.
Relative pronoun used as an object:
1) As can be seen from the table, referring to a person or thing, the relative pronoun may be omitted in the object position:
This is the man (who / that) I wanted to speak to and whose name I'd forgotten.
The library didn't have the book (which / that) I wanted.
I didn't like the book (which / that) John gave me.
This is the house where I lived when I first came to the US.
2) whom:In American English, whom is not used very often. Whom is more formal than who and is very often omitted in speech:
Grammatically Correct: The woman to whom you have just spoken is my teacher.
Common in Speech: The woman (who) you have just spoken to is my teacher.
However, whom may not be omitted if preceded by a preposition:
I have found you the tutor for whom you were looking.
Relative pronoun used as a possessive:
Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun is in English. It can be used with both people and things:
The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a suite in a hotel.
The book whose author is now being shown in the news has become a bestseller.
General remarks: That, Who, Which compared
The relative pronoun that can only be used in defining clauses. It can also be substituted for who (referring to persons) or which (referring to things). That is often used in speech; who and which are more common in written English.
William Kellogg was the man that lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children. - spoken, less formal
William Kellogg was the man who lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children. - written, more formal
Although your computer may suggest to correct it, referring to things, which may be used in the defining clause to put additional emphasis on the explanation. Again, the sentence with which is more formal than the one with that: Note that since it is the defining clause, there is NO comma used preceding which:
The café that sells the best coffee in town has recently been closed. - less formal
The café which sells the best coffee in town has recently been closed. - more formal
Some special uses of relative pronouns in defining clauses
that / whoReferring to people, both that and who can be used. That may be used to referring to someone in general:
He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.
I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to Chicago.
However, when a particular person is being spoken about, who is preferred:
The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.
The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party.
that / whichThere several cases when that is more appropriate than and is preferred to which:
After the pronouns all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing):
The police usually ask for every detail that helps identify the missing person. - that used as the subject
Marrying a congressman is all (that) she wants. - that used as the object
After verbs that answer the question WHAT? For example, say, suggest, state, declare, hope, think, write, etc. In this case, the whole relative clause functions as the object of the main clause:
Some people say (that) success is one percent of talent and ninety-nine percent of hard work.
The chairman stated at the meeting (that) his company is part of a big-time entertainment industry.
After the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree:
This is the funniest story (that) I have ever read! - that used as the object
After ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second, etc.:
The first draft (that) we submitted was really horrible. - that used as the object
If the verb in the main clause is a form of BE:
This is a claim that has absolutely no reason in it. - that used as the subject
All Sections in Relative Pronouns:
Introduction and General Usage in Defining Clauses
Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses
Defining vs. Non-Defining and ESL Tips
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