lunes, 20 de octubre de 2008

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

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The Writing Process
Creating a Thesis Statement
Developing an Outline
Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Argument Papers
Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Exploratory Papers
Invention Presentation
Prewriting (Invention)
Proofreading Your Writing
Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
Starting the Writing Process
Understanding Writing Assignments
Writer's Block/ Writer's Anxiety
Writing Process Presentation
Professional, Technical, and Job Search Writing
Academic Cover Letters
Action Verbs to Describe Skills, Jobs, and Accomplishments in Employment Documents
Audience Analysis
Business Letters: Accentuating the Positives
Color Theory Presentation
Cover Letter Presentation
Cover Letter Workshop
Cover Letters 1: Quick Tips
Cover Letters 2: Preparing to Write a Cover Letter
Cover Letters 3: Writing Your Cover Letter
Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation
Effective Workplace Writing
Email Etiquette
Email Etiquette for Students
Handbook on Report Formats
HATS: A Design Procedure for Routine Business Documents
INDOT Workshop Resources for Engineers
Job Acceptance Letter Presentation
Job Skills Checklist
Letters Concerning Employment
Management Resumes
Medical Writing
Memo Writing
Model Letters for Various Purposes
Parallel Structure in Professional Writing
Paramedic Method: A Lesson in Writing Concisely
Prioritizing Your Concerns for Effective Business Writing
Reference Sheets
Resume Design
Resume Presentation
Resume Workshop
Resumes 1: Introduction to Resumes
Resumes 2: Resume Sections
Resumes 3: When to Use Two Pages or More
Resumes 4: Scannable Resumes
Reverse Paramedic Method
Revision in Business Writing
Sales Letters: Four Point Action Closing
Scannable Resumes Presentation
Tailoring Employment Documents For a Specific Audience
Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
Tips & Terms for the International Student's Job Search
Tone in Business Writing
Using Fonts with Purpose
Visual Rhetoric
Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
Visual Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents
Writing a Job Acceptance Letter
Writing a White Paper
Writing for a Chinese Business Audience
Writing for a North American Business Audience
Writing for an Indian Business Audience
Writing Report Abstracts
Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
Writing the Basic Business Letter
Writing the Curriculum Vitae
Writing the Personal Statement
General Academic Writing
Adding Emphasis in Writing
Annotated Bibliographies
Avoiding Plagiarism
Color Theory Presentation
Conciseness
Creating a Thesis Statement
Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation
Developing an Outline
Effective Persuasion Presentation
Email Etiquette for Professors
Email Etiquette for Students
Essay Writing
Establishing Arguments
Guidelines for Fair Use
Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)
Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Argument Papers
Introductions, Body Paragraphs, and Conclusions for Exploratory Papers
Invention Presentation
Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism
Logic in Argumentative Writing
Organizing Your Argument Presentation
Paragraphs & Paragraphing
Paramedic Method: A Lesson in Writing Concisely
Peer Review Presentation
Prewriting (Invention)
Proofreading Your Writing
Punctuation
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
Reverse Paramedic Method
Sentence Variety
Starting the Writing Process
The Rhetorical Situation
Transitions and Transitional Devices
Understanding Writing Assignments
Using Appropriate Language
Using Fonts with Purpose
Visual Rhetoric
Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
Visual Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents
Writer's Block/ Writer's Anxiety
Writing a Book Report
Writing a Book Review
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Writing Definitions
Writing in Literature (Detailed Discussion)
Writing Process Presentation
Research and Citation
Annotated Bibliographies
APA Formatting and Style Guide
APA Overview and Workshop
Avoiding Plagiarism
Chicago Manual of Style
Conducting an Interview Presentation
Conducting Primary Research
Documenting Electronic Sources
Evaluating Sources of Information
Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style)
Guidelines for Fair Use
MLA Formatting and Style Guide
MLA Overview and Workshop
Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
Research: Overview
Resources for Documenting Sources in the Disciplines
Sample APA Papers: Experimental Report
Sample APA Papers: Literature Review
Searching the World Wide Web
Writing a Research Paper
Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
Grammar and Mechanics
Active and Passive Voice
Adjective or Adverb
Apostrophe
Appositives
Articles: A versus An
Capital Letters
Commas
Conquering the Comma
Count and Noncount Nouns
Dangling Modifiers
Grammar and ESL Exercises
Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)
How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs
How to Use Articles (a/an/the)
Hyphens
Independent and Dependent Clauses
Irregular Verbs
Numbers
Parallel Structure
Parts of Speech Overview
Prepositions
Pronouns
Punctuation
Quotation Marks
Relative Pronouns
Sentence Clarity
Sentence Clarity Presentation
Sentence Fragments
Sentence Punctuation Patterns
Spelling
Subject/Verb Agreement
Transitions and Transitional Devices
Verb Tenses
English as a Second Language (ESL)
Adjective or Adverb
Count and Noncount Nouns
ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
ESL Teacher Resources
Grammar and ESL Exercises
How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs
How to Use Articles (a/an/the)
Irregular Verbs
Numbers
Parts of Speech Overview
Prepositions
Relative Pronouns
Sentence Punctuation Patterns
Subject/Verb Agreement
Tips & Terms for the International Student's Job Search
Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)
US Higher Education: A Cultural Introduction
Verb Tenses
Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
Writing for a Chinese Business Audience
Writing for a North American Business Audience
Writing for an Indian Business Audience
Writing in North American Higher Education: A Primer for International Students
Internet Literacy
Documenting Electronic Sources
Email Etiquette
Email Etiquette for Professors
Email Etiquette for Students
Evaluating Sources of Information
Guidelines for Fair Use
Searching the World Wide Web
Teaching OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide for Professional Writing Instructors
Visual Rhetoric
Writing in the Social Sciences
Child Development and Family Studies Resource Repository
Conducting an Interview Presentation
Conducting Primary Research
Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style)
Sample APA Papers: Experimental Report
Sample APA Papers: Literature Review
Social Work Literature Review Guidelines
Writing in Psychology: Experimental Report Writing
Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
Writing with Statistics
Writing in Engineering
Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS)
Handbook on Report Formats
INDOT Workshop Resources for Engineers
Reverse Paramedic Method
Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
Visual Rhetoric Slide Presentation
Writing Engineering Reports
Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
Literary Analysis and Criticism
Image in Poetry
Literary Terms
Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism
Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
Writing a Book Review
Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
Writing About Fiction
Writing About Literature
Writing About Poetry
Writing in Literature (Detailed Discussion)
Creative Writing
Pattern and Variation in Poetry
Pattern and Variation: Aural
Pattern and Variation: Visual
Tutoring Creative Writing Students
Teaching Writing
Conducting an Interview Presentation
Effective Persuasion Presentation
Email Etiquette for Professors
ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
Invention Presentation
Job Acceptance Letter Presentation
Peer Review Presentation
Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions
Teaching OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide for Professional Writing Instructors
The Rhetorical Situation
Writing a Literary Analysis Presentation
Writing Across the Curriculum: An Introduction
Writing Process Presentation
Writing Scientific Abstracts Presentation
Tutoring Writing
Effective Persuasion Presentation
ESL Orientation for Writing Lab Tutorials
Invention Presentation
Peer Review Presentation
The Writing Conference: Meeting One-on-One with Students
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Email
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href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/588/01/">Establishing
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Higher
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Literary
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Transitions
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Using Fonts
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Visual
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Visual
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Visual
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Writer's
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Writing a
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Writing a
Literary Analysis Presentation

Writing
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Writing in
Literature (Detailed Discussion)

Writing
Process Presentation

Research and Citation

Annotated
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APA
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APA
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Avoiding
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Chicago
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Conducting
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Resources
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href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/594/01/">Prepositions
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Relative
Pronouns

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Two-Part
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US Higher
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Verb
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Verbals:
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Writing for
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Writing in
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Internet Literacy

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OSDDP (Open Source Development and Documentation) Usability Project: A Guide
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Handbook on
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Literary Analysis Presentation

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Relative Pronouns
This resource was written by Julia Teleneva.Last full revision by .Last edited by Allen Brizee on September 15th 2008 at 12:19PM
Summary: This handout provides detailed rules and examples for the usage of relative pronouns (that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why).
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Introduction and General Usage in Defining Clauses
Relative pronouns are that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why. They are used to join clauses to make a complex sentence. Relative pronouns are used at the beginning of the subordinate clause which gives some specific information about the main clause.
This is the house that Jack built.
I don't know the day when Jane marries him.
The professor, whom I respect, was tenured.
In English, the choice of the relative pronoun depends on the type of clause it is used in. There are two types of clauses distinguished: defining (restrictive) relative clauses and non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clauses. In both types of clauses the relative pronoun can function as a subject, an object, or a possessive.
Relative pronouns in defining clauses
Defining relative clauses (also known as restrictive relative clauses) provide some essential information that explains the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence correctly and cannot be omitted. Defining clauses are opened by a relative pronoun and ARE NOT separated by a comma from the main clause.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in defining clauses:
Function in the sentence
Reference to
People
Things / concepts
Place
Time
Reason
Subject
who, that
which, that
Object
(that, who, whom)*
(which, that)*
where
when
why
Possessive
whose
whose, of which
Examples
Relative pronoun used as a subject:
This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.
It took me a while to get used to people who eat pop-corn during the movie.
Relative pronoun used as an object:
1) As can be seen from the table, referring to a person or thing, the relative pronoun may be omitted in the object position:
This is the man (who / that) I wanted to speak to and whose name I'd forgotten.
The library didn't have the book (which / that) I wanted.
I didn't like the book (which / that) John gave me.
This is the house where I lived when I first came to the US.
2) whom:In American English, whom is not used very often. Whom is more formal than who and is very often omitted in speech:
Grammatically Correct: The woman to whom you have just spoken is my teacher.
Common in Speech: The woman (who) you have just spoken to is my teacher.
However, whom may not be omitted if preceded by a preposition:
I have found you the tutor for whom you were looking.
Relative pronoun used as a possessive:
Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun is in English. It can be used with both people and things:
The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a suite in a hotel.
The book whose author is now being shown in the news has become a bestseller.
General remarks: That, Who, Which compared
The relative pronoun that can only be used in defining clauses. It can also be substituted for who (referring to persons) or which (referring to things). That is often used in speech; who and which are more common in written English.
William Kellogg was the man that lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children. - spoken, less formal
William Kellogg was the man who lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children. - written, more formal
Although your computer may suggest to correct it, referring to things, which may be used in the defining clause to put additional emphasis on the explanation. Again, the sentence with which is more formal than the one with that: Note that since it is the defining clause, there is NO comma used preceding which:
The café that sells the best coffee in town has recently been closed. - less formal
The café which sells the best coffee in town has recently been closed. - more formal
Some special uses of relative pronouns in defining clauses
that / whoReferring to people, both that and who can be used. That may be used to referring to someone in general:
He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.
I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to Chicago.
However, when a particular person is being spoken about, who is preferred:
The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.
The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party.
that / whichThere several cases when that is more appropriate than and is preferred to which:
After the pronouns all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing):
The police usually ask for every detail that helps identify the missing person. - that used as the subject
Marrying a congressman is all (that) she wants. - that used as the object
After verbs that answer the question WHAT? For example, say, suggest, state, declare, hope, think, write, etc. In this case, the whole relative clause functions as the object of the main clause:
Some people say (that) success is one percent of talent and ninety-nine percent of hard work.
The chairman stated at the meeting (that) his company is part of a big-time entertainment industry.
After the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree:
This is the funniest story (that) I have ever read! - that used as the object
After ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second, etc.:
The first draft (that) we submitted was really horrible. - that used as the object
If the verb in the main clause is a form of BE:
This is a claim that has absolutely no reason in it. - that used as the subject
All Sections in Relative Pronouns:
Introduction and General Usage in Defining Clauses
Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses
Defining vs. Non-Defining and ESL Tips
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matematicas y fisica

Creo que Matemáticas es la herramienta de la Física.Me gustaría que alguien me iluminara en este sentido para continuar adelante.Muchas gracias.-

martes, 14 de octubre de 2008

1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue


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Logo src="1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue_archivos/LangRealmLogo.png">








The 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue

By Captain Grose, et al., whose href="http://www.languagerealm.com/english/1811vulgardictpreface.php">preface
explains the history and purpose of this work.






A BLASTED FELLOW
or BRIMSTONE
- An abandoned rogue or prostitute.
Cant.




A BLOWSE, or
BLOWSABELLA
- A woman whose hair is dishevelled, and
hanging about her face; a slattern.




A BUCK OF THE
FIRST HEAD
- One who in debauchery surpasses the rest
of his companions, a blood or choice spirit. There are in
London divers lodges or societies of Bucks, formed in
imitation of the Free Masons: one was held at the Rose, in
Monkwell-street, about the year 1705. The p




A SCOLD'S
CURE
- A coffin. The blowen has napped the scold's
cure; the bitch is in her coffin.




ABBESS, or LADY
ABBESS
- A bawd, the mistress of a brothel.




align=left>ABEL-WACKETS - Blows given on the
palm of the hand with a twisted handkerchief, instead of a
ferula; a jocular punishment among seamen, who sometimes play
at cards for wackets, the loser suffering as many strokes as
he has lost games.




ABIGAIL -
A lady's waiting-maid.




ABRAM -
Naked. CANT.




ABRAM
COVE
- A cant word among thieves, signifying a naked
or poor man; also a lusty, strong rogue.




ACADEMY, or
PUSHING SCHOOL
- A brothel. The Floating Academy; the
lighters on board of which those persons are confined, who by
a late regulation are condemned to hard labour, instead of
transportation.--Campbell's Academy; the same, from a
gentleman of that name, who had the contrac




ACCOUNTS
- To cast up one's accounts; to vomit.




ACE OF
SPADES
- A widow.




ACORN -
You will ride a horse foaled by an acorn, i.e. the gallows,
called also the Wooden and Three-legged Mare. You will be
hanged.--See THREE-LEGGED MARE.




ACT OF
PARLIAMENT
- A military term for small beer, five
pints of which, by an act of parliament, a landlord was
formerly obliged to give to each soldier gratis.




ACTEON -
A cuckold, from the horns planted on the head of Acteon by
Diana.




ACTIVE
CITIZEN
- A louse.




ADAM
TILER
- A pickpocket's associate, who receives the
stolen goods, and runs off with them. CANT.




ADAM'S
ALE
- Water.




ADDLE
PATE
- An inconsiderate foolish fellow.




ADDLE
PLOT
- A spoil-sport, a mar-all.




ADMIRAL OF THE
BLUE
- One who carries his flag on the main-mast. A
landlord or publican wearing a blue apron, as was formerly the
custom among gentlemen of that vocation.




ADMIRAL OF THE
NARROW SEAS
- One who from drunkenness vomits into
the lap of the person sitting opposite to him. SEA
PHRASE.




ADRIFT -
Loose, turned adrift, discharged. SEA PHRASE.




AEGROTAT,
(CAMBRIDGE)
- A certificate from the apothecary that
you are INDISPOSED, (i. e.) to go to chapel. He sports an
Aegrotat, he is sick, and unable to attend Chapel. or Hall. It
does not follow, however, but that he can STRUM A PIECE, or
sport a pair of oars.




AFFIDAVIT
MEN
- Knights of the post, or false witnesses, said
to attend Westminster Hall, and other courts of justice, ready
to swear any thing for hire.




align=left>AFTER-CLAP - A demand after the
first given in has been discharged; a charge for pretended
omissions; in short, any thing disagreeable happening after
all consequences of the cause have been thought at an
end.




AGAINST THE
GRAIN
- Unwilling. It went much against the grain
with him, i.e. it was much against his inclination, or against
his pluck.




AGOG,
ALL-A-GOG
- Anxious, eager, impatient: from the
Italian AGOGARE, to desire eagerly.




AGROUND -
Stuck fast, stopped, at a loss, ruined; like a boat or vessel
aground.




AIR AND
EXERCISE
- He has had air and exercise, i.e. he has
been whipped at the cart's tail; or, as it is generally,
though more vulgarly, expressed, at the cart's arse.







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10 Ways to Say 'Thank You' in German




Beyond plain ol' "Danke!"


By href="http://german.about.com/mbiopage.htm">Hyde Flippo, About.com








Also see href="http://german.about.com/library/anfang/blanfang01.htm">Lesson 1 of
German for Beginners (Greetings and Courtesies).

Saying "Thank you"
To say "thank you" in German, the simple word
Danke will do the job. However, as in English, there are many variations
and styles of expressing thanks in German. Here is a look at ten ways to say
"thank you" - plus some related German words and expressions for expressing your
gratitude. (Note: The pronunciations indicated below are only approximate. Items
with "Hear it!" have audio. See our href="http://german.about.com/library/blgerlab.htm">language lab and href="http://german.about.com/library/anfang/blanfang01.htm">Lesson 1 of
German for Beginners for more on the sounds of German.)



  1. Danke! (DAHNK-uh) Thanks! Thank you. (also "No thanks" - See note
    below) Hear
    it!

  2. Danke schön!* (DAHNK-uh shoon) Thank you! href="http://german.about.com/library/media/sound/dankesch2.wav">Hear it!
  3. Tausend Dank! (TAU-zent DAHNK) A thousand thanks! Thanks very much!

  4. Danke vielmals! (DAHNK-uh FEEL-malls) Many thanks!
  5. Recht schönen Dank! (RECHT shoon-en DAHNK) Many thanks!
  6. Ich danke Ihnen/dir! (eech DAHNK-uh EEH-nun / DEAR) I thank you!
  7. Ich bin (Ihnen/dir) sehr dankbar für... (eek bin DAHNK-bar fe-ur)
    I'm very grateful (to you) for...
  8. Haben Sie vielen Dank! (HAH-ben zee FEEL-en DAHNK) Many thanks!
  9. Vielen Dank!** (FEEL-en DAHNK) Many thanks! href="http://german.about.com/library/media/sound/vieldank2.wav">Hear it!
  10. Mit tiefer Dankbarkeit! (MITT TEEF-er DAHNK-bar-kite) With deep
    gratitude!

*Another variation: Danke sehr! Thank you very much!
**Some similar
forms: Besten Dank! Best thanks!; Herzlichen Dank! Heartfelt
thanks!; Schönen Dank! Many thanks!

Now let's look at some related German words and phrases for expressing your
gratitude (die Dankbarkeit):

Related Expressions and Words



*Note: If you say "Danke!" in response to an offer, it may be understood as
"no thanks." To say "thanks, yes" use "Bitte!" (please). Learn more in href="http://german.about.com/library/anfang/blanfang01.htm">Lesson 1 of
German for Beginners.

MORE > Essential
German

MORE > href="http://german.about.com/library/anfang/blanfang01.htm">Lesson 1 of
German for Beginners















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